Python Tutorial for Beginners | Learn Python Programming Language

Updated on August 5, 2024

History of Python

Setting Up Python

Python is easy to install compared to Java or another programming language. Follow the following steps to install Python on your computer system.

  Step 1: Download the Python Interpreter from the official Python website

  Step 2: Install the interpreter in your computer system.

 Step 3: Install the Python IDE or Visual Studio to create a Python Project.

 Step 4: Create a new Project and write the code over the file.

Python Input/Output

Input and output are fundamental concepts in the Python language. They are used to get user input from the keyboard and print the result on the computer screen. It is crucial to learn about Python input and output. There is a print() function that prints the output on the computer screen.

• Print print() function
• f-string in Python
• Print without newline in Python
• Python | Output formatting
• Taking Input from the User
• Taking Multiple Input from the User in Python

Python Variables

Variables are developer-defined keywords for storing data values. It is similar to other programming languages, such as Java, Python, and JavaScript. Variables are created before being used. In this section, we will see simple variable declarations in Python.

Program

x = 20

print(x)

Python Numbers

The number is a type of Python. It is a category of numeric type in the Python language. Python supports various types of numbers, including integers, floating-point numbers, and complex numbers. Knowing the number type is essential for working with different types of numbers in Python.

• Python Integer
• Python Float
• Python Complex
• Type Conversion in Python
• Decimal Number in Python

Python Data Types

Data types represent the type of data that is stored in the variable. Python developers must know the type of data that will be stored in the variable. Python has a rich set of data types, such as numeric, sequence types, mapping, etc.

• String Data type
• Numeric Type
• Sequence Type
• Mapping Type
• Set Types
• Boolean Types
• Binary Types
• None Type

Python Operators

Operators are the standard symbols in the Python language for performing logical and relational operations. There are six types of operators in the Python language: arithmetic Operators, comparison operators, logical operators, bitwise operators, and so on. Here’s the list of the Python operators.

• Arithmetic Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Comparison Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Special Operators

Python File Handling

In this section, we will discuss file handling in Python. Python file handling is a powerful feature that allows us to create, read, and update files. It has many built-in methods for handling files. We can open an existing file using the file open method, which is an inbuilt method in the Python language, and we can also close that file using the Python file close method.

• Opening and Closing Files in Python
• How to read from a File in Python?
• Writing to File in Python
• Delete a File in Python
• With Statement in Python

Python Conditional Statement

Other languages, including Python, also support conditional statements. Conditional statements provide a choice for the control flow based on a specific condition, which means we can decide the outcome based on the condition.

• If statement
• If-else statement
• If-else-else statement
• Ternary Expression Conditional Statement in Python

Python Data Structures

Data structures are a way to organise data efficiently and access it easily. They are a fundamental concept for any programming language. In Python, there are many inbuilt data structures available to store and manage your data easily and efficiently. Each inbuilt data structure has its own advantages and disadvantages.

• List Data Structure
• Python Dictionary
• Python Tuples
• Python Set
• Python Frozen Sets
• Python String
• Python bytearray

Python Functions

Functions are codes of blocks where we define the reusable code. They perform specific tasks, allow you to break down the problem into smaller parts, and are more manageable. A function only calls when you want to call it, and it can accept parameters.

• User-defined functions
• Built-in functions

Python Flow Control

In Python, control flow is the order in which function calls, instructions, and individual statements are evaluated or executed. The control flow of a Python program is regulated by various types:

• Conditional statements
• Loops
• Function calls

Python Loops

In this section, we will discuss Python loops. Loops are control statements that repeat the code until the loop condition is false. There are two loops in a Python programming language: for loops and while loops. There are also some statement works with loops, such as continue, break, and pass.

• For Loop
• While Loop
• Loop Control Statements (break, continue, pass)

Python Strings

A string is a sequence of characters. It is the most popular data type in the Python language. In simple words, a string is nothing but an array of characters. But the computer cannot understand the characters. So, it converts the characters into a number that the computer language can understand. This conversion is known as encoding, ASCII, and  Unicode.

• String Slicing in Python
• Python String Methods
• String Formatting in Python

Python Exception Handling

In this section, we will see how Python handles unexpected errors while running the program. It enables the developer to write robust and versatile programs. By handling exceptions, we can also handle the error while opening and reading the file in Python. There are user-defined exceptions, and Python’s built-in exceptions are also available.

Python OOPs Concepts

Python is an object-oriented programming language with four principles. By Understanding OOP concepts, programmers can leverage Python’s capabilities to design and find efficient solutions to complex problems.

• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Encapsulation
• Abstraction

Python Collections

Python collection is a module in the Python language used to store data such as lists, dicts, sets, and tuples. It provides a different type of container. A container is an object used to store different data structures such as lists, tuples, dictionaries, etc.

• Counters
• OrderedDict
• DefaultDict
• ChainMap
• NamedTuple
• DeQue
• UserDict
• UserList
• UserString

Python Database Handling

One of the best things about the Python language is that it can be connected with both SQL databases and NO-SQL databases. For example:

• Python MongoDB
• Python MySQL

Pros and Cons of Python

The following table describes the pros and cons of Python language:

Python Latest & Upcoming Features

Python 3.12 was released in October 2023. In this section, we will mention all the features that Python offers us.

• Security Fix: Python security patch on some potential vulnerabilities (details are not publicly disclosed).
• SBOM(Software Bill of Materials) Documents: Provide the SBOM  documents for CPython, improving transparency in the software supply chain.

Expected Upcoming Features of Python 3.13

• Improved Modules: In Python 3.13, Python will improve some existing modules such as argaprase, array, ast, and so on.
• Improved Exceptions Groups(PEP 653): This improvement will organise the group-related exceptions, making error handling.

Conclusion

The Python language is used in various fields, such as web development, artificial intelligence, data science, and task automation. It is an Object-Oriented Programming language (OOP), which means that Python supports the four principles of Inheritance, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, and Abstraction. Python programming language contains a wide range of libraries and frameworks, and it works on almost all operating systems, such as Windows, Linux, MacOS, and so on. To explore Python in detail, check out the Accelerator Program in Business Analytics and Data Science.