5 Major Types of Operating Systems Explained

Operating systems are the backbone and guiding force of all computing devices, including servers, smartphones and computers. It acts as a bridge between software and hardware, efficiently managing all the resources essential for the proper execution of programs and provision for a user interface. However, technological advancements have led to the formation of five major types of operating systems, which will be discussed in detail. Gaining knowledge about all these types of operating systems will prove beneficial for one in the long run. 

What Is An Operating System?

Before delving deep into the operating system types, it is essential to know what an operating system is. In the simplest term, an OS serves as an interface between the hardware of the computer and its various applications. It effectively controls the memory, output and input devices, storage, and processing power and offers a platform for smoothly running applications. 

There are a wide variety of essential services that are offered by different types of the operating system. The most common and essential operating system types are as follows:

• Management of memory
• Management of files
• Security
• Process management
• Upgrades and new features

Every computing device requires an operating system to function. Therefore, to cope with people’s varied choices and requirements, different types of operating systems have been launched in the market. A detailed discussion about all these major types of operating systems is attempted below. If you entertain further curiosity, you can learn about DevOps & Cloud Engineering. Also any student with Full Stack Developer Certification should know all about all the major types of operating system.

There are several types of operating systems depending on the device, manufacturer and user preference. Let’s look at some of the major types of operating system in detail:

• Batch Operating System
• Multiprogramming Operating System
• Multitasking Operating System
• Time-Sharing Operating Systems
• Distributed Operating System
• Network Operating System
• Real-Time Operating System

1. Batch Operating System

This type of operating system generally processes a massive number of similar jobs in batches without the requirement of any user interface. The batch OS comes with several notable advantages, including:

• Enhanced efficiency
• Reduced idle time,
• Simplification of maintenance 
• Cost effectivity. 

However, although known for its incredible advantages among all the other operating system types, there are also several disadvantages of this type of operating system. The main disadvantages include the following:

• Lack of interactivity
• Limited flexibility
• Limited capability

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2. Multiprogramming Operating System

This type of operating system allows multiple programs to run on a computer system simultaneously. Multi program OS comes with several advantages and disadvantages, which are mentioned below:

Advantages:

• Enhanced efficiency
• Improved throughput
• Improved user productivity
• Enhanced resource sharing

Disadvantages:

• Increased overhead
• Resource Contention
• Security Risks
• Complexity

3. Multitasking Operating System

This type of operating systems allow multitasking or running multiple processes on the computer system. The system is similar to that of a multiprogramming OS. Therefore its’ advantages and disadvantages are also similar. 

Advantages:

• Better user productivity
• Improvement in sharing of resources
• Enhanced throughput
• Better efficiency

Disadvantages:

• Risks concerning security
• Increased overhead
• Contention of resource 

4. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

This type of operating system allows several users to share a computer system and offers each user a limited portion of CPU time. The system comes with its advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages: 

• Improved performance
• Elimination of interruption
• Allows multitasking
• Improve the utilisation of resources

Disadvantage:

• Issue of reliability
• Lack of security
• Problem concerning data communication

5. Distributed Operating System

This is one of the most popular among the different types of Operating System.  The distributed OS allows multiple computers to collaborate and work as a single system. They wildly entertain job services by multiple CPUs. 

Advantages:

• Enhanced functionality and flexibility
• Autonomy
• Horizontal scaling
• Cost-effective
• Lower delay

Disadvantages:

• Difficult distributive system setup
• Overloading issue
• Security risks

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6. Network Operating System

This type of operating system coordinates and controls the various resources of a computer network. The system entertains its advantages and disadvantages, which are discussed below.

Advantages:

• Centralised management
• Enhanced resource sharing
• Easy recovery and backup
• Improved security

Disadvantages:

• Performance and compatibility issues
• Higher cost
• Complex

7. Real-Time Operating System

This type of operating system is primarily designed for applications that require strict timings. 

Advantages of the real-time operating system:

• High responsiveness
• Reduced latency
• Predictability
• Resource efficiency:

Disadvantages:

• Limited functionality
• Higher cost
• Lack of flexibility

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Common Operating Systems

Once you are well aware of the operating system types, it becomes essential to gain knowledge regarding the most common OS that are widely used. Read below to learn about them in detail. 

1. Microsoft Windows

Developed and designed by Microsoft Corporation, Microsoft Windows has become quite popular in the market due to its distinctive and incredible features. These features include:

• Graphical User Interface
• Plug and Play
• Compatibility
• Constant updates
• Multitasking
• Security

This type of operating system has availability in various editions like Windows Server, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10. Each server is customized and tailored to meet the user’s specific requirements. The system can also be customizable and beneficial for personal and business use.

2. Apple iOS

Apple Inc developed this mobile OS, serving as the primary OS for Apple’s iPhone, iPod, and iPad. It comes with key features such as:

• Inbuilt app store
• Enhanced security
• Multitasking
• User interface
• Regular updates
• Integration

This type of operating system is efficient for use and user-friendly, offering users a seamless experience. Having a strong focus on privacy and security, it entertains end-to-end encrypted FaceTime calls and iMessaging. It has gained immense popularity and is beneficial for both personal and business purposes. 

3. Google Android

Google Android is also a type of operating system. It is meant to run on smartwatches, tablets, smartphones, and many other devices. Some of the key features offered by Google Android are as follows: 

• Open source
• Multitasking
• Inbuilt app store
• Customisability
• Regular upgrades and updates

The system offers many Google services, features, and benefits that increase users’ popularity. It, however, aims to improve and evolve. 

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Conclusion:

In this article we have covered all the major types of operating system in computers that people use for various purposes in the modernized and tech-savvy world, there is always an expectation to come across new OS offering unique capabilities and features. However, these five major operating system types will continue to take their central position in the oeuvre of computer technology.