What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Operating Systems?

Computers, smartphones, and servers require an operating system (OS) to function. It does everything from executing programs to handling hardware and protecting data.

But how much do we actually know about what an OS does? Although it makes computer use easy, it has some disadvantages too. Some operating systems are suitable for gaming and personal use, while others are more suitable for security and business purposes.

An operating system is the most critical software on a computer device. It bridges the user to the hardware, handling system resources, programs, and security. Without an OS, a computer would be nothing but a collection of electronic components.

Let’s explore the advantages and disadvantages of operating systems in detail.

What is an Operating System and How It Works in a Computer System

An OS controls and coordinates every function of a computer. It manages programs, processes, and hardware components to ensure seamless operation.

Also Read: Classification of Operating System (OS) – A Complete Overview

How Does an OS Work?

When a device is powered on:

• The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) starts and checks the hardware.
• The bootloader loads the operating system into memory.
• The kernel – the core part of the OS – takes over and starts managing system resources.
• The OS launches the user interface (GUI or CLI), allowing interaction.

Core Components of an Operating System

Everything from clicking an icon to printing a document happens under the control of the OS.

Why is an OS Important?

A well-designed OS ensures:

• Smooth user interaction – GUI-based OS like Windows and macOS simplify computer use.
• Efficient resource management – Distributes CPU, memory, and storage among multiple applications.
• Security and stability – Protects files, prevents malware, and ensures reliable system performance.

Common Examples of Operating Systems

Each OS is built to optimise performance for its target hardware and use case.

An OS controls everything on a computer, but it also comes with challenges. Here’s where operating systems fall short.

1. System Crashes, Failures, and Downtime Leading to Data Loss

Even the best OS can crash unexpectedly. When this happens, the entire system freezes or shuts down, sometimes leading to data loss or corruption.

Common causes of OS failures include:

• Buggy updates – A system update that introduces errors instead of fixes.
• Hardware failure – A failing hard drive or overheating can trigger a crash.
• Driver conflicts – Incompatible software drivers disrupt normal operations.

Windows users frequently encounter the Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) due to system crashes. On the other hand, Linux is more stable but requires manual recovery in case of failures.

2. High Licensing Costs and Proprietary Restrictions of Commercial OS

Many operating systems are not free. They require a paid licence to install and use.

Businesses using Windows or macOS must pay for licences, making large-scale deployment expensive.

3. Security Vulnerabilities to Viruses, Malware, and Cyber Attacks

Not all operating systems offer the same level of security.

• Windows is a common target for ransomware, phishing, and malware attacks.
• macOS is more secure by default but still vulnerable to Trojan attacks.
• Linux is considered the safest, mainly because of strict user permissions.

Without proper security measures like firewalls, antivirus software, and encryption, an OS remains at risk of cyber threats.

4. Complex System Architecture Requiring Technical Knowledge for Troubleshooting

An OS handles thousands of operations at once. When something goes wrong, fixing the issue isn’t always easy.

• Windows users may face driver conflicts, requiring manual troubleshooting.
• Linux users often need to use the command line to solve software issues.
• macOS users rely on Apple’s ecosystem, which limits custom fixes.

For non-technical users, diagnosing an OS problem can be frustrating and time-consuming.

5. Fragmentation Issues in Memory and Storage Affecting Performance

Operating systems use memory management techniques to optimise RAM. But over time, fragmentation occurs.

• Internal fragmentation – Small memory blocks remain unused.
• External fragmentation – Gaps between memory allocations slow down performance.

To fix this, OS use defragmentation tools, but performance issues still persist, especially in older systems.

6. Dependency on a Single OS and Software Compatibility Issues

Most users stick to one OS due to software compatibility. This limits flexibility.

• Windows-exclusive software (MS Office, Adobe Premiere) won’t run on macOS or Linux.
• iOS apps are not compatible with Android devices.

Cross-platform solutions like virtual machines exist, but they often reduce performance.

7. Performance Bottlenecks and Slowdowns Due to Background Processes

Every OS runs background processes that consume RAM and CPU power.

• Windows runs background updates and telemetry services, affecting speed.
• macOS prioritises battery life but limits customisation options.
• Linux is highly efficient but may struggle with driver support for some hardware.

Performance drops when too many programs run at once. The only fix is manual optimisation, which requires technical knowledge.

Also Read: 5 Major Types of Operating Systems Explained

Advantages of an Operating System with Real-Life Use Cases

Operating systems come with a long list of benefits. These advantages make modern computing fast, secure, and efficient.

1. Graphical User Interface (GUI) Improves User Experience and Accessibility

A well-designed GUI makes an OS easy to navigate.

• Windows and macOS offer a visual interface with icons and drag-and-drop functions.
• Linux distributions like Ubuntu come with customisable desktops for power users.

A user-friendly interface ensures anyone can operate a computer without needing technical knowledge.

2. Efficient Resource Allocation and Process Scheduling for System Performance

An OS controls how CPU and RAM are used. It prevents one program from monopolising resources.

Key techniques used:

• Multithreading – Splits processes into smaller tasks for better performance.
• Process Scheduling – Uses algorithms like Round Robin to manage tasks.

This allows users to run multiple applications without system slowdowns.

3. Multitasking Capabilities to Run Multiple Applications Simultaneously

An OS allows users to switch between applications without restarting the system.

Examples:

• Windows Task Manager lets users close unresponsive apps.
• macOS Mission Control provides a bird’s-eye view of running programs.

Without multitasking, using a web browser, music player, and document editor at the same time would be impossible.

4. Security and Protection Features Like Authentication, Encryption, and Firewalls

Modern operating systems offer built-in security tools.

• Windows Defender protects against malware and phishing attacks.
• macOS FileVault encrypts files for added security.
• Linux user permissions limit unauthorised access.

A strong security system prevents data breaches and identity theft.

5. Hardware and Peripheral Device Management with Plug-and-Play Support

An OS automatically detects and installs drivers for hardware devices.

Plug-and-Play ensures minimal setup for new hardware.

6. Advanced File Management for Storing, Retrieving, and Organising Data

The OS provides tools to manage files efficiently.

• Windows File Explorer categorises files into folders.
• macOS Finder offers a search-based navigation system.
• Linux Terminal allows advanced users to automate file management.

This helps keep data organised and accessible.

7. Software Updates to Fix Bugs, Enhance Security, and Improve Performance

Operating systems receive regular updates to:

• Patch security vulnerabilities.
• Improve system speed.
• Introduce new features.

Windows and macOS automate updates, while Linux allows manual control.

8. Seamless Connectivity, Networking, and Remote Resource Sharing

An OS handles Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and LAN connections.

• Windows Network Manager simplifies file sharing.
• Linux SSH access allows remote system control.
• macOS AirDrop transfers files between Apple devices.

These features improve collaboration and remote work.

9. Support for Virtualisation and Cloud Computing in Modern OS

Many OS now support virtual machines and cloud storage.

• Windows Hyper-V runs multiple OS on a single machine.
• Google’s Chrome OS is cloud-based, with minimal local storage.

This helps businesses scale without investing in new hardware.

10. Compatibility with Various Applications and Software Programs

Every OS supports a wide range of applications.

• Windows – Best for gaming and enterprise software.
• macOS – Preferred by designers and video editors.
• Linux – Popular for coding and cybersecurity.

Software compatibility influences which OS users choose.

Comparing Advantages and Disadvantages of Operating Systems

Understanding these factors helps in selecting the right operating system for specific tasks.

Key Functions and Responsibilities of an Operating System in a Computer

An OS does more than just launch applications. It keeps everything running smoothly and efficiently.

1. Process Management

• Handles multiple tasks at once.
• Uses scheduling algorithms like First Come First Serve (FCFS) and Round Robin to prioritise processes.

2. Memory Management

• Allocates RAM to active applications and reclaims memory when programs close.
• Uses paging and segmentation to prevent slowdowns.

3. File System Management

• Creates, modifies, and deletes files efficiently.
• Supports multiple file systems: NTFS (Windows), HFS+ (macOS), EXT4 (Linux).

4. Device Management

• Detects and configures external devices like printers, USB drives, and monitors.
• Uses Plug and Play (PnP) for automatic device installation.

5. Security and User Authentication

Implements password protection, encryption, and firewalls.

• Provides role-based access to prevent unauthorised system changes.
• Without these functions, a computer would fail to multi-task, manage storage, or secure user data.

Classification of Different Types of Operating Systems with Real-World Examples

Different tasks require different types of operating systems. Some are built for personal computing, while others are designed for servers and embedded systems.

Each type serves a specific purpose, ensuring efficiency in its domain.

Comparison of Popular Operating Systems: Windows, Linux, and macOS

Windows is best for general users and gamers. Linux is the top choice for developers and security professionals. macOS is ideal for creative professionals and Apple ecosystem users.

Market share of different OS:

• Android: 46.14%
• Windows: 25.47%
• iOS: 18.11%
• OS X: 5.32%
• Unknown: 2.69%
• Linux: 1.33%

Conclusion

An operating system controls how a computer runs, manages applications and secures data. It ensures efficient resource allocation, multitasking, and compatibility with hardware and software.

Choosing an OS depends on ease of use, security, performance, and cost. Windows offers the best gaming and business software support. Linux is preferred for development, cybersecurity, and flexibility. macOS is optimised for Apple users and creative professionals.

Every OS has strengths and weaknesses. System crashes, licensing costs, and security vulnerabilities are major drawbacks. At the same time, file management, hardware support, and software updates make operating systems essential. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of operating systems helps in making informed choices based on specific needs.

For those looking to build expertise in web and mobile development, mastering operating systems is crucial. Hero Vired’s Certificate Program in Full Stack Development with Specialization for Web and Mobile provides in-depth knowledge, helping learners develop applications across multiple platforms.